K-2

Seahorse

Implement this lesson:

Use this lesson when discussing animal ecosystems, habitats, or other environmental TEKs. This lesson can be used as part of a larger local theme i.e. Oceans Week. It can also be used for a seahorse themed day. The duration of this lesson can vary based on student and teacher needs. 

Learning Objective:

Students will be able to learn about one of the most unique animals found in local saltwater habitats, the seahorse. They will create an art project using their knowledge.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)

Science TEKS 

K.10(B)  identify basic parts of plants and animals  

K.10(A)  sort plants and animals into groups based on physical characteristics such as color, size, body covering, or leaf shape 

1.9(B) analyze and record examples of interdependence found in various situations such as terrariums and aquariums or pet and caregiver  

1.10(A)  investigate how the external characteristics of an animal are related to where it lives, how it moves, and what it eats

2.10(A) observe, record, and compare how the physical characteristics and behaviors of animals help them meet their basic needs   

2.10(B) observe, record, and compare how the physical characteristics of plants help them meet their basic needs such as stems carry water throughout the plant   

 2.10(C) investigate and record some of the unique stages that insects such as grasshoppers and butterflies undergo during their life cycle 

ELA TEKS

K.3(B) use illustrations and texts the student is able to read or hear to learn or clarify word meanings

K.5(B) generate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information with adult assistance 

K.5(E) make connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society with adult assistance 

1.9(D) recognize characteristics and structures of informational text, including: (ii) features and simple graphics to locate or gain information

1.6(C) make and correct or confirm predictions using text features, characteristics of genre, and structures with adult assistance 

2.6(B) generate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information 

2.6(I) monitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re‐reading, using background knowledge, checking for visual cues, and asking questions when understanding breaks down

Overview: 

There are two common seahorses in the Gulf, the dwarf and the lined. Read below for information on both.

Lined Seahorse (Hippocampus erectus)

The lined seahorse—also called the northern seahorse or spotted seahorse—is a small fish that lives in the western Atlantic Ocean. You can find it from Canada down to the Caribbean, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Appearance and Behavior

  • Grows up to 15 cm (5.9 inches) long
  • Lives for 1 to 4 years
  • Active during the day (diurnal)
  • Swims upright using its dorsal and pectoral fins
  • Comes in many colors: gray, black, red, green, and orange

Diet and Hunting

  • Eats tiny crustaceans and brine shrimp
  • Sucks in prey using its long snout by creating a water current
  • Weak swimmer, so it blends into its surroundings to sneak up on prey
  • Its eyes move independently, helping it scan for food and threats

Mating and Reproduction

  • Monogamous (has only one mate)
  • Mates perform a morning dance to strengthen their bond
  • Makes clicking sounds when bonding with a mate
  • If a mate dies, the survivor usually doesn’t find a new one
  • Male seahorses carry the babies
    • The female deposits eggs into the male’s brood pouch
    • Eggs hatch in about 20–21 days
    • Male gives birth by attaching to a surface and arching his back to release the young
    • Babies are about 11 mm at birth and start mimicking parent behavior right away
    • Courtship starts again right after birth

Threats and Conservation

  • Populations are shrinking due to:
    • Coastal development
    • Pollution
    • Use in traditional Chinese medicine
    • Capture for aquariums
  • As a result, the lined seahorse is considered vulnerable

Dwarf Seahorse (Hippocampus zosterae)

The dwarf seahorse is one of the smallest seahorse species in the world. It lives in shallow waters in the western Atlantic Ocean, especially around Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas, and parts of the Caribbean.

Appearance and Behavior

  • Grows up to 2.5 cm to 5 cm (1–2 inches) long
  • Lifespan is about 1 year in the wild, possibly longer in captivity
  • Swims very slowly, less than 5 feet per hour, making it one of the slowest fish
  • Swims upright using its dorsal and pectoral fins
  • Colors vary: can be white, yellow, brown, or black, often with spots or patterns to match surroundings

Diet and Hunting

  • Eats tiny crustaceans like copepods, amphipods, and brine shrimp
  • Uses its snout to suck in food by creating a small suction current
  • Uses camouflage to blend in with seagrass or algae and ambush prey
  • Eyes move independently, helping it look around without moving its body

Mating and Reproduction

  • Monogamous and mates stay loyal during the breeding season
  • Courtship includes color changes and synchronized swimming
  • Male carries the eggs in a brood pouch
    • Female transfers eggs into the pouch, where they stay for about 10–14 days
    • Male gives birth by contracting his body to release the young
  • Newborns are fully formed and about 3–6 mm long
  • They start feeding right away and grow quickly

Habitat and Conservation

  • Lives in shallow seagrass beds, mangroves, and coastal waters
  • Threatened by:
    • Habitat destruction (especially loss of seagrass beds)
    • Pollution and coastal development
    • Collection for aquariums and traditional medicine
  • Listed as “Vulnerable” due to its small range and sensitivity to environmental changes

Possible Books:

  • Mister Seahorse by Eric Carl
  • Stevie B. Sea Horse: A Tale of a Proud Papa by Suzanne Tate
  • The Little Seahorse by Sheri Fink
  • Seahorse! by Hope Aicher
  • The Sea Hide a Seahorse by Sara T. Behrman
  • Clinging Sea Horses by Judith Jango-Cohen

Procedures: 

  1. Introduce seahorses by asking what students know about them. Write what students say down in a possible KWL chart.
  2. Watch a video, read a book, or use slideshow to teach students about seahorses.
  3. Complete one of the various art projects
  4. Read a book on seahorses
  5. Possibly finish KWL chart

Materials

Polka Dot Seahorse:

  • Coding labels of different colors
  • Seahorse template
  • Card stock or construction paper
  • Colors
  • Scissors
  • Glue sticks
  • Googly Eyes
Reference Craft
Reference Craft

Watercolor Seahorse

  • Watercolors
  • White card stock
  • Seahorse template

Salt Art Seahorse

  • Salt
  • Paintbrushes
  • Watercolor or food color
  • Elmers glue
  • Small disposable bowls
Reference Craft

Seahorse Coloring Page

  • Shaving cream
  • Spatula
  • Rubber container
  • Marble or toothpick
  • Cardstock
Reference Craft

Questions to Ask:

  • What do you know about seahorses?
  • Have you ever seen a seahorse?
  • How do seahorses move?
  • Do we have seahorses that live nearby? 
  • Can seahorses harm us?
  • What 3D Shapes do we see?
  • What are some characteristics we see?
  • What ecosystem does a seahorses live in?
  • What is a seahorses habitat?
  • What does a seahorses need plants to survive in an ecosystem?
  • Is a seahorses living or non living?
  • What does a seahorses eat? What eats it?

Evaluations:

  • Student participation
  • Student-created craft

Extensions:

  • Students write a fiction or nonfiction story about a seahorse
  • Students create their own model of a seahorse using maker space materials
  • Students complete various seahorse worksheets and lessons
  • Students can read other books or research about other types of seahorses

Lesson created by: Yessica Azua, Gina Betancourt-Moore, Amy Tapia, Kim Berger, and Shawnee Estevanes